{"id":10090,"date":"2023-11-24T11:11:03","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T09:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/funky.ong\/?p=10090"},"modified":"2026-02-13T15:33:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T13:33:08","slug":"naratiuni-anti-occidentale-si-anti-nato-construirea-unei-perspective-mai-informate-in-vremuri-de-incertitudine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/funky.ong\/en\/naratiuni-anti-occidentale-si-anti-nato-construirea-unei-perspective-mai-informate-in-vremuri-de-incertitudine\/","title":{"rendered":"Nara\u021biuni anti-occidentale \u0219i anti-NATO: construirea unei perspective mai informate \u00een vremuri de incertitudine"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

de Laura Burtan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A discuta despre nara\u0163iuni anti-occidentale este o tem\u0103 de actualitate, dar nu una nou\u0103 – a\u015fa cum nici propaganda nu este o expresie a vremurilor noastre, ci are o \u00eendelungat\u0103 istorie. Nu voi vorbi despre parcursul general al propagandei anti-occidentale la nivel global, ci despre incursiunea personal\u0103 \u00een acest domeniu \u015fi despre procesul uneori anevoios de a o contracara cu mijloace oneste \u015fi transparente. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum am ajuns aici?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Subiectul era unul emergent c\u00e2nd eram student\u0103, \u00een perioada 2010-2013, dar abord\u0103rile erau desigur, diferite. S\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 Federa\u0163ia Rus\u0103 abia \u00ee\u015fi crea noua nara\u0163iune oficial\u0103 \u00een func\u0163ie de care urma s\u0103 fie construit\u0103 \u015fi propaganda aferent\u0103. Existau nara\u0163iuni anti-occidentale, iar Uniunea European\u0103, acest construct simultan \u201cimperialist\u201d, dar \u015fi \u201cde factur\u0103 pur marxist\u0103\u201d<\/a>, \u201ccontinuator al URSS\u201d<\/a>, era totodat\u0103 o utopie, dar \u015fi un du\u015fman real \u015fi tangibil al cet\u0103\u0163enilor cu aspira\u0163ii de libertate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Propaganda a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie mai coerent\u0103 dup\u0103 conflictul armat din Georgia din 2008, \u00eens\u0103 discursul s-a nuan\u021bat mai ales dup\u0103 invazia Crimeei, \u00een 2014. \u00cen fapt, pentru a pune lucrurile \u00een perspectiv\u0103, 2013 pare s\u0103 fie anul \u00een care faimoasa <\/strong>ferm\u0103 de troli ru\u0219i<\/a> a \u00eenceput s\u0103 func\u0163ioneze. De atunci, Occidentul nu mai este un du\u015fman difuz, cu multe avataruri, ci devine o institu\u0163ie cu multe departamente, care trebuie tratate individual, direct \u015fi \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 specific\u0103 – iar NATO este unul dintre aceste \u201cdepartamente\u201d. NATO e un du\u015fman mai vechi, c\u0103ci fondarea sa a generat un r\u0103spuns deloc subtil din partea URSS – Pactul de la Var\u015fovia<\/em>. De data aceasta, Rusia nu mai a\u015fteapt\u0103 \u00een pozi\u0163ie defensiv\u0103, ci atac\u0103 – \u015fi pe frontul fizic, \u015fi pe cel virtual. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ra\u0163iunea din spate poate p\u0103rea simpl\u0103: NATO, sus\u0163in vocile care ap\u0103r\u0103 interesele Kremlinului, nu mai are un fundament s\u0103 existe din 1991, \u015fi cu toate acestea o face – ba mai mult, se extinde c\u0103tre Est. Identific\u0103m a\u015fadar un motiv-cheie pentru a demoniza NATO: orice ac\u0163iune a Rusiei \u00eendreptat\u0103 \u00eempotriva NATO este un act de ap\u0103rare, a\u015fadar justificat\u0103, un dicton care a fost utilizat adeseori \u00een ultimii ani, mai ales de la invazia Ucrainei din 2022. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spre deosebire de alte institu\u021bii \u015fi organiza\u0163ii suprastatale \u015fi interna\u0163ionale, NATO se bucur\u0103 de o \u00eencredere deosebit de ridicat\u0103<\/a>, chiar dac\u0103 statutul de membru vine cu obliga\u0163ii financiare. F\u0103r\u0103 discu\u0163ie, NATO nu este mai presus de critic\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 nivelul de \u00eencredere a popula\u0163iei r\u0103m\u00e2ne crescut. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum arat\u0103 propaganda rus\u0103 anti-occidental\u0103 \u0219i anti-NATO \u00een Rom\u00e2nia:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cazul cu care sunt familiar\u0103 \u015fi pe care am lucrat aplicat este reprezentat de propaganda rus\u0103 anti-occidental\u0103, mai ales anti-NATO, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. \u00cen cazul Rom\u00e2niei, precum \u00een cazul oric\u0103rui stat care face obiectul campaniilor de dezinformare ale Kremlinului, opiniile oamenilor au fost luate \u00een considerare pentru a crea exact acele nara\u0163iuni care ar avea cea mai mare trac\u0163iune la public. Altfel spus, dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la contextul specific, putem \u00een\u0163elege ce anume ar func\u0163iona \u015fi ce anume nu. Este un exerci\u0163iu simplu, care poate da rezultate bune chiar dac\u0103 este f\u0103cut de un grup de amatori, cu date sociologice generale \u015fi cu un barometru de opinie. Spre exemplu, rom\u00e2nii nu au \u00eencredere \u00een Rusia \u00eentr-o propor\u0163ie cov\u00e2r\u015fitoare, de chiar 90%<\/a> – atunci subtilitatea mesajului nu trebuie s\u0103 contravin\u0103 opiniei majorit\u0103\u0163ii, ci s\u0103 fie disimulat, ambalat \u00eentr-o tem\u0103 mai paletabil\u0103 pentru public, precum apelul la tradi\u0163ia ortodox\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De ce e important s\u0103 avem o discu\u0163ie separat\u0103 despre propagand\u0103 legat\u0103 de NATO, nu doar de \u00eentreaga campanie anti-Occident? Dac\u0103 primul lucru la care te g\u00e2nde\u015fti c\u00e2nd vine vorba de NATO este articolul 5 sau, lato sensu<\/em>, ideea de r\u0103zboi, nu uita c\u0103 propaganda \u015fi r\u0103zboiul merg m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103. Pe vremuri, propaganda era aservit\u0103 r\u0103zboiului clasic, era ca o grupare auxiliar\u0103 – \u00eens\u0103 modul \u00een care func\u0163ion\u0103m \u00een era informa\u0163ional\u0103 a schimbat raportul de for\u0163e, iar r\u0103zboiul deserve\u015fte acum propaganda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cencep\u00e2nd chiar de la conceptul de baz\u0103 – r\u0103zboiul e, intrinsec un lucru r\u0103u; a demoniza o entitate care a fost creat\u0103 \u00een vremuri de conflict, dar care acum nu mai are un inamic (nu asta e NATO \u00een discursul rus?) \u015fi care prin existen\u0163a sa perpetueaz\u0103 un conflict stins nu este, eminamente, un gen bun constructiv, pacifist? Nu este oare o \u0163int\u0103 sigur\u0103, \u00een paradigma bun\u0103st\u0103rii universale la acre aspir\u0103m cu to\u0163ii, entitatea care propag\u0103 \u015fi provoac\u0103 r\u0103zboaie? \u00centr-o nou\u0103 etap\u0103, \u00een care nu mai e o ru\u015fine, ci poate chiar un titlu de glorie ca un politician s\u0103 mint\u0103, dorin\u0163a de tr\u0103i \u00een pace r\u0103m\u00e2ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce spun studiile?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Am explorat modul \u00een care s-a manifestat propaganda rus\u0103 anti-NATO \u00een Rom\u00e2nia \u00eenainte de invazia din 2022 \u00eentr-un raport publicat de Funky Citizens<\/a>. Chiar \u015fi atunci observ\u0103m c\u0103 Rusia se folose\u0219te de nevoile informa\u021bionale ale rom\u00e2nilor, reu\u0219ind astfel s\u0103 influen\u021beze chiar \u0219i cet\u0103\u021benii pro-occidentali prin ac\u0163iunile subtile de propagand\u0103. Mai mult, profit\u00e2nd de  tendin\u021bele populiste aflate \u00een cre\u015ftere, propaganda rus\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219te tot mai mult sprijin inclusiv din partea unor adversari care adopt\u0103 o pozi\u021bie euro-critic\u0103 sau patriotic\u0103, nu doar din partea euroscepticilor sau a na\u0163ionali\u015ftilor de dreapta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studiile<\/a> indicau atunci dou\u0103 categorii principale de nara\u021biuni circulate \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, care sunt valabile \u00een continuare, cu mici recalibr\u0103ri la realitatea din vecin\u0103tatea imediat\u0103: Rom\u00e2nia ca victim\u0103 perpetu\u0103 a marilor puteri<\/em> and existen\u021ba conspira\u021biilor externe \u00eempotriva Rom\u00e2niei<\/em>. Folosind aceast\u0103 logic\u0103, o situa\u0163ie de fapt, precum indignarea justificat\u0103 a cet\u0103\u0163enilor fa\u0163\u0103 de refuzul nefondat al Austriei cu privire la intrarea Rom\u00e2niei \u00een Schengen de la finalul anului 2022 poate fi (\u015fi a fost) instrumentalizat\u0103 \u00een avantajul propagandei anti-occidentale – nici nu mai aducem \u00een discu\u0163ie toate pozi\u0163ion\u0103rile anti-sistem valorificate ca anti-occidentale din perioada pandemiei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Propaganda se bazeaz\u0103 pe intermediari care r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc mesajele, con\u0219tient sau incon\u0219tient, \u0219i mediul care permite dezinformarea s\u0103 prospere. Acest mediu favorabil se dezvolt\u0103 \u00eentr-un context de \u00eencredere sc\u0103zut\u0103 \u00een institu\u021biile statului, diviziuni \u00een societate \u0219i sl\u0103bire a democra\u021biei – altfel spus, Rom\u00e2nia recent\u0103. Aceste vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bi, vizibile \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada 2017-2018, dar accentuate exponen\u0163ial de pandemie, nu numai c\u0103 permit propagandei s\u0103 se manifeste, dar o \u0219i poten\u0163eaz\u0103. Factorii de diseminare, fie c\u0103 e vorba de  influenceri, institu\u021bii media, partide politice sau cet\u0103\u021beni obi\u0219nui\u021bi, tind s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru \u00een interesul propriu, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een sprijinul explicit al sursei propagandei. Cei care ajut\u0103 la r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea nara\u021biunilor propagandistice nu sunt neap\u0103rat simpatizan\u021bi pro-ru\u0219i, ci, \u00een multe cazuri, vectori de diseminare neinten\u021biona\u021bi. Exist\u0103 desigur o explica\u0163ie<\/a> pentru propagarea neinten\u0163ionat\u0103 – las\u0103 impresia de secret de cast\u0103, de superioritate, de o \u00een\u0163elegere dincolo de a omului de r\u00e2nd (nu degeaba a fost consacrat termenul de \u201csheeple\u201d de c\u0103tre adep\u0163ii teoriilor conspira\u0163iei). De asemenea, se remarc\u0103 c\u0103 dezinformarea c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te \u00een spa\u021biul informa\u021bional rom\u00e2nesc, fiind acoperit\u0103 \u0219i promovat\u0103 \u00een unele cazuri de c\u0103tre surse de \u0219tiri mainstream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce se poate face?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 vorbim despre contextul actual, impresia mea este c\u0103 suntem prea apropia\u0163i, mai ales din perspectiva unor actori bombarda\u0163i cu informa\u0163ie, prea conecta\u0163i la evenimente ca s\u0103 putem fi obiectivi. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, \u00een orice joc al informa\u0163iei, ne place s\u0103 ne credem vulcanieni, nu huligani. Pentru un context similar, cunoscut publicului, un preludiu a tot ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 azi, ar trebui s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la Euromaidanul din 2014. Simultan, \u00een Crimeea, contra-mi\u015fc\u0103rile planificate ale pro-ru\u015filro erau prezentate de Kremlin drept \u201cprim\u0103vara rus\u0103\u201d, care pare s\u0103 nu fie o trimitere la \u201cprim\u0103vara arab\u0103\u201d, un fenomen recent la acel timp, ci la \u201cprim\u0103vara de la Praga\u201d – pentru c\u0103 a\u015fa func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 propaganda, cu simboluri inversate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba mai mult, dac\u0103 simbolistica nu era suficient\u0103, atunci se apela la asumarea simbolurilor din Euromaidan. Ca formula s\u0103 fie complet\u0103, ap\u0103rea \u015fi propaganda clasic\u0103, de discreditare a inamicului: Euromaidanul era, desigur, o manipulare extern\u0103, rezultat al nefastei interven\u0163ii a Statelor Unite, care, \u00een buna lor tradi\u0163ie, \u00eencercau o schimbare for\u0163at\u0103 de regim, contrar voin\u0163ei populare. Tot atunci vedeam str\u0103mo\u015ful opera\u0163iunii militare speciale<\/em> din 2022, c\u0103ci la TV se vorbea despre o \u201copera\u0163iune anti-terorist\u0103\u201d, o terminologie care nu doar c\u0103 punea deja o etichet\u0103 clar\u0103, negativ\u0103, pe inamic, dar care f\u0103cea ca o contra-nara\u0163iune s\u0103 fie mai dificil de construit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metanara\u0163iunea era una care avea utilitate intern\u0103 \u015fi extern\u0103: dorin\u0163a de (fals\u0103) \u201clibertate\u201d e doar o r\u0103m\u0103\u015fit\u0103 nefast\u0103 a R\u0103zboiului Rece \u015fi nu va aduce niciodat\u0103 pace sau prosperitate, ci doar conflict, s\u0103r\u0103cie, dezbinare. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 sun\u0103 cunoscut, poate sunte\u0163i familiari cu discursul propagat \u00een Republica Moldova, unde avem de-a face cu o declinare deosebit de atent nuan\u0163at\u0103 pentru spaimele publicului de acolo.Dincolo de propaganda \u00een sine, Peter Pomerantsev sus\u0163ine c\u0103 e nevoie de interve\u0163ie direct\u0103 pentru a demonstra metanara\u0163iunea – chiar dac\u0103 asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 invadezi un stat vecin ca s\u0103 demonstrezi publicului de acas\u0103 c\u0103 dorin\u0163a de liberate e un m\u0103r otr\u0103vit. Tot Pomerantsev mai sublinieaz\u0103 un lucru, anume c\u0103 propaganda nu poate fi comb\u0103tut\u0103 cu propagand\u0103. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eentreba\u0163i de ce, este vorba despre efectele propagandei, care divizeaz\u0103, iar dac\u0103 tu intervii cu contra-dezinformare, ajungi s\u0103 le faci jocul. \u015ei atunci ce faci?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recomand\u0103rile noastre erau atunci unele clasice care, de\u015fi au eficien\u0163\u0103 dovedit\u0103, nu acoper\u0103 \u00eentreaga plaj\u0103 a solu\u0163iilor. Toate aceste metode au fost folosite cu succes \u00een ultimii ani de c\u0103tre Funky Citizens \u0219i reprezint\u0103 moduri de a contracara formele cunoscute de propagand\u0103.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, avem nevoie de fact-checking \u0219i de contextualizare.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Platformele tradi\u021bionale de verificare a informa\u021biilor au un rol vital \u00een lumea noastr\u0103, dar uneori r\u0103spund mai greu atunci c\u00e2nd dezinformarea ajunge deja la nivelul comunic\u0103rii publice. Tocmai acesta este motivul pentru care opera\u0163iunea de fact-checking nu ar trebui s\u0103 fie una de sine-st\u0103t\u0103toare, ci integrat\u0103 \u00een activitatea curent\u0103 a tuturor celor care disemineaz\u0103 informa\u0163ii c\u0103tre public. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Apoi, transparen\u021ba \u00een comunicarea institu\u021bional\u0103 este esen\u021bial\u0103.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Acest lucru trebuie s\u0103 vin\u0103 din surse independente, deoarece \u00eencrederea \u00een institu\u021biile publice din Rom\u00e2nia este consistent sc\u0103zut\u0103. Comunicarea institu\u021bional\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 se concentreze pe furnizarea rapid\u0103, complet\u0103 \u0219i obiectiv\u0103 a informa\u021biilor de interes public, mai ales \u00een situa\u021bii sensibile, pentru a opri r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea dezinform\u0103rilor, mai ales dup\u0103 contextul pandemiei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Educa\u021bia \u00een domeniul media \u0219i cea civic\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fie o prioritate \u00een \u0219coli.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Este crucial s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m tinerii s\u0103 dezvolte g\u00e2ndirea critic\u0103 \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile necesare pentru a naviga \u00een lume. Similar cu primul punct, nu vorbim de discipline separate, ci de integrarea acestui mod de g\u00e2ndire \u00een orice activitate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Cum arat\u0103 prezentul. De la debunking la prebunking \u0219i nara\u021biuni pozitive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Peisajul s-a schimbat destul de mult, mai ales dup\u0103 debutul invaziei ruse\u015fti \u00een Ucraina. Ne-am petrecut ultimul an \u0219i jum\u0103tate comb\u0103t\u00e2nd nara\u0163iune dup\u0103 nara\u0163iune, fact-check cu fact-check. Munca noastr\u0103 obiectiv\u0103 se love\u015fte uneori de un baraj de emo\u0163ii – c\u0103ci propaganda nu atinge nivelul ra\u0163ional, ci opereaz\u0103 la nivel de emo\u0163ii puternice, aproape exclusiv negative. \u00cen acest context, am propus o abordare complementar\u0103, \u0219i am f\u0103cut trecerea de la eforturile de debunking la construirea de nara\u0163iuni pozitive \u015fi prebunking. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Prebunking<\/strong>, spre deosebire de debunking, adic\u0103 ceea ce facem prin fact-checking mai ales, reprezint\u0103 o strategie proactiv\u0103 de abordare a nara\u021biunilor false; dac\u0103 debunking implic\u0103 respingerea informa\u021biilor false dup\u0103 ce aceasta a fost deja difuzate, dezmin\u021birea se concentreaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd pe prevenirea r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii informa\u021biilor false. Prebunkingul \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 alfabetizarea media, verificarea faptelor \u0219i un scepticism s\u0103n\u0103tos, care sunt instrumente esen\u021biale pentru a contracara influen\u021ba propagandei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Dac\u0103 nara\u0163iunile de propagand\u0103 pornesc de la profile sociologice, ale c\u0103ror puncte-cheie le exploateaz\u0103, atunci este nevoie de un demers similar, \u00eens\u0103 bazat pe informa\u0163ii obiective \u015fi pe realit\u0103\u0163i pozitive. Construirea unor nara\u021biuni pozitive este o abordare puternic\u0103 \u0219i strategic\u0103 \u00een contracararea propagandei anti-occidentale. Prin modelarea \u0219i promovarea proactiv\u0103 a pove\u0219tilor constructive despre valorile, principiile \u0219i ac\u021biunile occidentale, \u021b\u0103rile nu numai c\u0103 se pot ap\u0103ra \u00eempotriva dezinform\u0103rii, ci \u0219i pot promova un sentiment mai puternic de unitate \u0219i \u00eencredere \u00een r\u00e2ndul popula\u021biilor lor. Nara\u021biunile pozitive eviden\u021biaz\u0103 realiz\u0103rile, valorile comune \u0219i eforturile de colaborare din cadrul societ\u0103\u021bilor occidentale, subliniind beneficiile cooper\u0103rii interna\u021bionale \u0219i ale democra\u021biei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Image by Don Fontijn<\/a> via Unsplash<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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        A discuta despre nara\u0163iuni anti-occidentale este o tem\u0103 de actualitate, dar nu una nou\u0103.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10092,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,604,174],"tags":[525,383,516,530,206,529,524,523,450,381,527],"ppma_author":[650],"class_list":["post-10090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-analize","category-combaterea-dezinformarii-categorie","category-educatie-civica","tag-antinato","tag-dezinformare","tag-disinformation","tag-eead","tag-fake-news","tag-hivemind","tag-naratiuniantinato","tag-occident","tag-propaganda","tag-stiri-false","tag-techsoupglobalnetwork","author-admin"],"yoast_head":"\nNara\u021biuni anti-occidentale \u0219i anti-NATO: construirea unei perspective mai informate \u00een vremuri de incertitudine - Funky Citizens<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/funky.ong\/en\/naratiuni-anti-occidentale-si-anti-nato-construirea-unei-perspective-mai-informate-in-vremuri-de-incertitudine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nara\u021biuni anti-occidentale \u0219i anti-NATO: construirea unei perspective mai informate \u00een vremuri de incertitudine - 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